CML
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of leukemia that affects the myeloid cells, which are responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells (other than lymphocytes), and platelets. CML progresses slowly and may not show symptoms in its early stages, often being detected during routine blood tests. This form of leukemia typically occurs in adults, with an average age of diagnosis being around 60 years.
Phases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
- Chronic Phase: The earliest and most common phase, where symptoms are often mild or absent. With treatment, most patients can manage the disease in this phase for many years.
- Accelerated Phase: In this intermediate phase, the disease progresses faster, and patients may experience more severe symptoms as the number of abnormal cells increases.
- Blast Crisis Phase: The most advanced phase of CML, where the disease behaves more like an acute leukemia. Symptoms intensify, and urgent medical intervention is needed.
Causes and Risk Factors of CML
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is associated with a genetic mutation known as the Philadelphia chromosome, where parts of chromosomes 9 and 22 swap places. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal protein called BCR-ABL, which causes myeloid cells to grow uncontrollably. While the exact cause of this mutation is unclear, risk factors include:
- Exposure to high levels of radiation
- Older age
- Being male (CML occurs slightly more often in men than women)
Symptoms of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
- Fatigue and weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Frequent infections
- Night sweats
- Pain or fullness in the upper left side of the abdomen (due to an enlarged spleen)
- Pale or flushed skin
Treatment Options for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
CML treatment has advanced significantly with the introduction of targeted therapies, particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block the BCR-ABL protein responsible for the uncontrolled cell growth. These treatments allow many patients to lead normal lives while managing their disease. Common treatments include:
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs): Medications like imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, which target the abnormal BCR-ABL protein.
- Stem Cell Transplant: In rare cases where TKIs are not effective, a stem cell transplant may be considered.
- Chemotherapy: While not commonly used in CML anymore, chemotherapy may be utilized in certain cases.