• Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: This type uses stem cells collected from the patient before they undergo high-dose chemotherapy or radiation. The collected stem cells are then infused back into the patient to restore healthy bone marrow.
• Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: This involves using stem cells from a donor whose tissue type matches the patient. The donor's stem cells can help replace the patient's damaged bone marrow and provide a new immune system.
• Syngeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A subtype of allogeneic transplant where the donor is an identical twin of the patient, reducing the risk of rejection and complications.

Stem cell transplantation is often considered for patients with severe or advanced forms of blood disorders who have not responded to other treatments. Indications include:

• High-risk or relapsed leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma
• Severe aplastic anemia
• Certain genetic disorders affecting the blood

The stem cell transplantation process involves several stages:

• Pre-Transplant Evaluation: Comprehensive assessments to ensure the patient is fit for the procedure and to identify a suitable donor if needed.
• Conditioning Regimen: High-dose chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the patient's existing bone marrow and make room for the new stem cells.
• Stem Cell Infusion: Administration of stem cells through an intravenous (IV) line. The stem cells then travel to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells.
• Recovery and Follow-Up: Patients undergo close monitoring for potential complications such as infections, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and other side effects. Recovery times can vary.

Stem cell transplantation can have potential risks and complications, including:

• Infections due to a weakened immune system
• Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) in allogeneic transplants, where the donor's cells attack the patient's tissues
• Organ damage from conditioning treatments
• Long-term risks including secondary cancers or infertility