Multiple myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that originates in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which help the body fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, leading to bone damage, weakened immune function, and various other complications.
Types of Multiple Myeloma
- Smoldering Myeloma (Asymptomatic): This is an early, inactive stage of multiple myeloma where there are no symptoms, but abnormal plasma cells can be detected. Patients at this stage are monitored closely for disease progression.
- Active Myeloma: At this stage, patients typically show symptoms such as bone pain, anemia, kidney dysfunction, or frequent infections due to the overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
- Bone pain, especially in the spine or chest
- Fatigue and weakness
- Frequent infections
- Anemia (low red blood cell count)
- High calcium levels (hypercalcemia)
- Kidney problems
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease, including age (more common in individuals over 60), male gender, African-American ethnicity, and a family history of blood cancers. Environmental exposures, such as radiation or certain chemicals, may also play a role.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing multiple myeloma usually involves blood tests to check for abnormal proteins, urine tests, bone marrow biopsies, and imaging tests like X-rays or MRIs to assess bone damage. The presence of elevated calcium levels, kidney dysfunction, anemia, and bone lesions often helps confirm the diagnosis.